This article is part of a series on Data Science.

Introduction to Data Analysis

Data analysis is the systematic process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to discover useful insights, inform conclusions, and support decision-making. It plays a vital role across domains such as business, science, and social science.

Core Activities in Data Analysis

Data analysis includes a variety of operations aimed at preparing, transforming, and understanding data:

  1. Value Retrieval: Extract relevant data from various sources for analysis.
  2. Filtering: Select specific data based on predefined criteria to reduce volume and focus on relevant subsets.
  3. Derived Value Calculation: Create new variables through calculations based on existing data (e.g., profit = revenue - cost).
  4. Finding Extremes: Identify maximum and minimum values in a dataset.
  5. Sorting: Arrange data in a specific order (ascending/descending).
  6. Threshold Determination: Establish limits to define or highlight certain conditions (e.g., high-risk thresholds).
  7. Distribution Characterization: Analyze how data values are distributed using statistical measures (e.g., skewness, kurtosis).
  8. Anomaly Detection: Identify outliers or unusual patterns that may indicate errors or significant events.
  9. Clustering: Group similar data points to uncover structures, segments, or trends.
  10. Correlation Analysis: Examine relationships between variables (e.g., using Pearson or Spearman coefficients).
  11. Contextualization: Interpret data within its broader context for deeper understanding (e.g., time, location, or demographics).

Data Analysis Frameworks and Tools

Several tools and frameworks facilitate data analysis workflows:

Models of Analysis

Data analysis can be structured into three conceptual levels:

  • Conceptual Models: High-level representations of data and relationships (e.g., ER diagrams).
  • Logical Models: Descriptions of data structures and constraints without implementation details.
  • Physical Models: Actual implementation of the database schema using specific technologies.

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

Exploratory Data Analysis is an initial step in data analysis where analysts use statistical techniques and visualization tools to summarize the main characteristics of data sets.

Typical EDA methods include:

  • Histograms and box plots to examine distributions
  • Scatter plots to investigate relationships
  • Summary statistics such as mean, median, and standard deviation

These tools help reveal patterns, detect anomalies, test assumptions, and generate hypotheses for further analysis.

Data Mining

Data mining involves discovering patterns, correlations, and trends in large data sets using statistical and computational methods. It is a key step in knowledge discovery in databases (KDD).

Common tools and techniques include:

  • Association rule learning (e.g., Apriori algorithm)
  • Clustering methods (e.g., K-means, DBSCAN)
  • Classification algorithms (e.g., decision trees, random forests)

Multiverse Analysis

Multiverse analysis refers to the systematic exploration of all reasonable analytical choices that can be made when analyzing a dataset. It acknowledges that different preprocessing, filtering, or modeling decisions can yield different outcomes—effectively producing a “multiverse” of possible results.

Originally proposed in the psychological sciences to improve transparency and reproducibility, this approach is increasingly relevant in data science where complex pipelines can yield varied interpretations.

Related Works

  1. Six W One H Analysis
  2. Data Mining